Chin Tuck Exercise Cervicogenic Headache Health And Social Care Essay

Cervicogenic concern is comparatively common and still controversial signifier of concern. Cervicogenic concern has been classified by International Headache Society and histories for 15 % to 20 % of all chronic and perennial concerns. The estimated prevalence of upset runing from 0.7 % to 13.8 % . The persons with chronic cervicogenic concern experience considerable limitation of day-to-day map, restriction of societal engagement, and emotional hurt. In add-on, these persons report a lower quality of life than other persons. Cervicogenic caput is a syndrome characterized by chronic hemi cranial hurting that is referred to the caput from either cadaverous construction or soft tissues of the cervix. Sensory nervus fibres from the falling piece of land of trigeminal nervus are believed to interact with centripetal fibres from the upper cervical roots ; this convergence allows the bidirectional referral of painful esthesiss between the cervix and trigeminal sensory receptive Fieldss of the face and caput. A functional convergence of sensory and motor fibres in the spinal accoutrement nervus and upper cervical nervus roots finally coverage with the falling piece of land of the trigeminal nervus might besides be responsible for cervical hurting. Cervical concern is a ‘side-locked ‘ or one-sided fixed concern characterized by non throbbing hurting that starts in the cervix and spread to ipsilateral occulo- fronto temporal country. This hurting may be provoked by active cervix motion, inactive cervix positioning particularly in extension or extension with rotary motion toward the side of hurting or an applying digital force per unit area to involved facet parts or over ipsilateral greater occipital nervus. Muscular trigger points are normally found in the suboccipital, cervical, and shoulder muscular structure, and these trigger points can besides mention hurting to the caput when manually or physically stimulated. Diagnostic imagination such as skiagraphy, magnetic resonance imagination and computerized imaging can non corroborate the diagnosing of cervicogenic concern but can impart support to its diagnosing. One survey reported no incontrovertible difference in the visual aspect of cervical spinal column constructions on MRI scans when 24 patients with clinical characteristics of cervicogenic concern were compared with 20 control topics. Cervical phonograph record bulging was reported every bit in both groups. A laboratory rating may be necessary to seek for systemic diseases that may adversely impact musculuss.bones, or articulations ( arthritic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematous, thyroid or parathyroid upsets, primary musculus disease, etc ) . Flexion rotary motion trial steps motion at atlanto- axial articulation, which has been shown to be a likely beginning of hurting in patients with cervicogenic concern persons who have been diagnosed with cervicogenic concern show values runing from 20 – 28 grades. Flexion rotary motion trial is a stable and quotable method of cervical spinal column scrutiny. It is dependable and has low measuring mistake if performed by an experient clinician ( Hall T, et al. , 2010 ) . Manipulation has often been used for the direction of dorsum and cervix ailments and is thought to ( 1 ) Free gesture sections that have undergone disproportionate supplanting ( or ) are felt to be hypomobile ( 2 ) cause musculus relaxation. These mechanisms are thought to be associated with distribution of unnatural emphasiss within the joint, ensuing in hurting, limitation of gesture and possible redness. Patient with cervicogenic concern will frequently hold altered neck position and restricted scope of gesture. Sustained Natural apophyseal Glide and chin-tuck exercising are the intercessions used to handle the cervicogenic concern in this survey. Sustained Natural apophyseal Glide is the mobilisation with active motion followed by inactive overpressure which should be applied to further increase the motion. Chin-tucks are the postural exercisings should execute early to forestall stiffness from developing and to guarantee the cervix is working right. 1.2 AIM AND NEED OF THE STUDY: ( 1 ) To happen the effectivity of sustained natural apophyseal semivowel in Cervicogenic concern ( 2 ) To happen the effectivity of sustained natural apophyseal semivowel with chin tuck exercising in cervicogenic concern. ( 3 ) To compare the effectivity of sustained natural apophyseal semivowel over sustained natural apophyseal semivowel with chin tuck exercising in cervicogenic concern. Cervicogenic concern is common and still controversial signifier of concern. The consequence of this survey will assist the physical therapist to choose the appropriate intervention process for better rehabilitation of these patients 1.3 STATEMENT OF THE STUDY: A comparative survey on ‘Effectiveness of sustained natural apophyseal semivowel over sustained natural apophyseal semivowel with chin tuck exercising in cervicogenic concern ‘ 1.4 Hypothesis: Null hypothesis There is no difference between the effectivity of sustained natural apophyseal semivowel over sustained natural apophyseal semivowel with chintuck exercising in cervicogenic concern. Alternate hypothesis There is important difference between the effectivity of sustained natural apophyseal semivowel over sustained natural apophyseal semivowel with chin tuck exercising in cervicogenic concern. 1.5 Operational Definition: Cervicogenic concern * The universe cervicogenic concern society ( 1998 ) defines, cervicogenic concern as, ‘Referred hurting perceived in primary nociceptive beginning in the musculoskeletal tissue innervated by cervical nervousnesss ‘ . These constructions may include musculuss, aspects, articulations, capsules, and ligaments of upper three cervical sections, nervousnesss, durameter, spinal cord or vertebral arteria. Cervical articulations have been recognized as a beginning of concern. Pain * International society of association for survey of hurting defines hurting as, unpleasant sensory and emotional experience due to existent or possible tissue harm or described in footings of harm ( Merskey and Bogduk, 1994 ) * An unpleasant esthesis that can run from mild, localized uncomfortableness to torment. Scope of gesture * The full gesture possible to the articulation is called the scope of gesture. 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Brent Harper ( 2009 ) made a survey on implementing grounds based medical specialty for cervicogenic concern and determined the efficiency of spinal use on patients with cervicogenic concern in relation to quality of life, strength and frequence of cervicogenic concern and articular mobility ( scope of gesture ) . Toby hall et Al ( 2007 ) made a survey on efficaciousness of a c1-c2 self-sustained natural apophyseal semivowel ( SNAG ) in the direction of cervicogenic concern on topics with outcome steps of Flexion Rotation scope and concern index questionnaire and reported the efficaciousness of SNAG in the direction of persons with cervicogenic concern. Ogince et Al ( 2007 ) made a survey and reported that cervical flexion-rotation trial has diagnostic cogency in c1 /2-related cervicogenic concern. Fernandez-des-las-penas C ( 2006 ) made a survey on methodological quality or randomized controlled test of spinal use and mobilisation in patient tenseness type concern, megrim and cervicogenic concern and reported the effectivity of spinal use and mobilisation in concern. Rodeghero et Al ( 2006 ) made a survey on possible function of manual physical therapy and specific exercising intercession in capable with cervicogenic concern, the patient demonstrated betterment with a sum of seven intervention Sessionss, outcome step used were Neck hurting disablement index mark and reported that these intercessions were effectual in rapidly bettering map and damages in patients with cervicogenic concern. Luke Eldrige et Al ( 2005 ) made a survey on the effectivity of cervical spinal column use and prescribed exercising in decrease of cervicogenic concern in capable with a 16 twelvemonth history of cervicogenic concern, the survey consisted of a three hebdomad base line informations aggregation stage, a 3 hebdomad osteopathic manipulative intervention stage and a 3 hebdomad place based exercising stage, outcome steps include ocular linear graduated table and concern journal which indicated a decrease in both strength of concern hurting and frequence. Mc Donnel et Al ( 2005 ) conducted a survey on intercession attack dwelling of a specific exercising plan and alteration of postural alliance for an person with cervicogenic concern and reported the prosperity in alleviating concern and bettering map of the patient. David M.Biondi et Al ( 2005 ) conducted a survey and reported the effectivity of curative exercising and manipulative intervention for cervicogenic concern which was non well affected by age, gender of concern chronicity in patients with moderate to severe hurting strength. Hall T and Robinson K ( 2004 ) made a survey of comparative measuring of flexion-rotation trial and active cervical mobility in cervicogenic concern and reported that topics with cervicogenic concern have an norm of 170 less rotary motion toward the concern side in flexure rotary motion trial. Peterson ( 2003 ) investigated the function of use and exercising over 8 hebdomad period in cervicogenic concern patient and reported a important betterment in concern parametric quantity at the decision of test. Jull et Al ( 2002 ) conducted a survey on randomized controlled test of exercising and manipulative therapy for cervicogenic concern and reported that manipulative therapy and exercising can cut down the symptoms of cervicogenic concern and use plus exercising was found to be superior to exert entirely. Sizer et Al ( 2002 ) published a retrospective instance study of 20 twelvemonth history of cervicogenic concern patient, the patient received a combined plan of use and exercising for a sum of 24 interventions over 3 month period and reported a important betterment in concern parametric quantities after the patient received the combined intervention plan of use and exercising. Whorton and Kegerreis ( 2000 ) made a survey on manual therapy and exercising in the intervention of cervicogenic concern patient informations was collected at a 6 months follow up, and five of 6 topics reported a statistically important betterment with intervention Watson and Trott et Al. ( 1999 ) performed quasi experimental cross sectional controlled diagnostic test and identified the deep cervical flexor musculus group as disfunction in cervicogenic concern patients. Mulligan ( 1999 ) described intercessions including ‘SNAGS ‘ technique find utile in reconstructing a loss of cervical ‘ rotary motions which is frequently associated with concern. Nilsson et Al ( 1995 ) conducted a randomized control test of topics comparing use of cervical spinal column with soft tissue massage and simulate optical maser intervention.It fail to make the statistical significance, once more in 1997, with extra topics performed the same test as in first survey and reported a important lessening in concern strength of a group received use. Schoense et Al ( 1995 ) conducted a survey of the consequence of mobilisation on cervical concern, voluntaries were medically cleared to take part, and these topics received 9 to 11 Sessionss of joint mobilisation and reported a important lessening in concern frequence, strength and continuance. Boline et Al. ( 1995 ) conducted a survey of spinal use Vs amitriptylline for the intervention of chronic concern and reported spinal use has long term good consequence than medicine. Nilsson ( 1995 ) conducted a survey on prevalence of cervicogenic concern in a random population sample of 20-59 twelvemonth olds and reported that cervicogenic concern appears to be comparatively common signifier of concern similar to migraine in prevalence. Karen Beeton and Gwendolen Jull ( 1994 ) investigated a plan of use and exercising on cervicogenic concern patient and reported a important betterment in concern parametric quantity 3. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 3.1 Study design The research design of this survey is experimental in nature, done on different topics with pre-test and station -test scenes. 3.2 Settings The survey was conducted in RVS infirmary. 3.3 Criteria for choice 3.4 Inclusion standards * Headache of cervical beginning * Age group of 20- 59 old ages * Both sexes * Positive flexure -rotation trial 3.5 Exclusion standards * Headache non of cervical beginning * Headache with autonomic Involvement, giddiness ( or ) ocular perturbation * inborn status of cervical spinal column * Contra indicant to manipulative therapy 3.6 Sample population 30 capable and 15 in each groups. 3.7 Method of choice Random sampling technique 3.8 Variables USED IN THE STUDY Independent variable * Sustained natural apophyseal semivowel * Chin tuck exercising Dependent variable * Pain * Range of gesture 3.9 METHODOLOGY Thirty samples selected from the population were divided into two equal group. The process was explained to subject. Both the group underwent a pre trial measuring of hurting strength and scope of gesture. * Group A was treated with sustained natural aphophyseal articulation semivowel * Group B was treated with sustained natural aphophyseal joint semivowel along with chin tuck exercising for 6 hebdomads. Hence both groups were treated and after 6 hebdomads measured hurting by ocular parallel graduated table and scope of gesture measured by goniometer. Technique 1. Sustained natural apophyseal semivowel Position of patient: posing Position of Therapist: standing behind the patient The patient was instructed to sit comfortably on a stool or chair. Therapists stand behind the patient. His or her caput was cradled between healer organic structure and right forearm if therapist bases on patient ‘s right side. The right index, center and pealing fingers wrap around the base of the occiput and the in-between phalanx of the small finger lies over the spiny procedure of cx2 the sidelong boundary line of the left thenar distinction lies over the right small finger. Pressure was applied in ventral way on the spiny procedure of cervical 2 while the skull remains still due to the control of healer right forearm. The truly soft traveling force to make this comes from healer left arm via the thenar distinction over the small finger on the spinal column of cx 2. The 2nd vertebra moves frontward on the first so the first vertebra moves frontward on the base of the skull.this motion should go on until the terminal scope is felt and this place was maintained for at least 10 seconds, this should be repeated for 6 to 10 times. Then learn the patient about self-headache sustained natural apophyseal semivowel by topographic point the manus towel around the spiny procedure of c2 and inquire the patient to procure it with the custodies and inquire the patient to take his or her caput backward without leaning, inquire the patient maintain for at least 10 seconds and repetition it for 6 to 10 times. Mechanism by which the-C1-C2 sustained natural apophyseal semivowel may hold reduced concern symptoms is by the neuromodulation consequence of joint mobilisation. In the gate control theory, stimulation of mechanoreceptors within the joint capsule and environing tissues causes an suppression of hurting at the spinal cord ; In add-on, falling pain-inhibitory systems may be activated, mediated by countries such as the periaqueductal grey of the mesencephalon. The terminal scope placement in rotary motion with the CI-C2 sustained natural apophyseal semivowel may prosecute these repressive systems and cut down hurting. Addition in cervical rotary motion scope on the functional rotary motion trial is that the CI-C2 sustained natural apophyseal semivowel decreased joint stiffness. Mobilization is thought to interrupt down adhesions and stretch environing tissues. That the betterment in rotary motion scope was immediate suggests that the consequence of the Cl-C2 sustained natural apophyseal semivowel technique is more likely related to a neurophysiological alteration in hurting transition instead than an consequence on joint stiffness. Basic Principles ‘ Treatment plane lying across the concave articular surface ‘ Application of accessary motion and patient generated active motions. ‘ During assessment the healer will place one or more comparable marks as described by Maitland. These marks may be a loss of joint motion, hurting associated with motion, or hurting associated with specific functional activities. ‘ Passive accoutrement joint mobilisation is applied following the rules of kaltenborn ( i.e. , parallel or perpendicular to the joint plane ) . This accessary semivowel must itself be pain free. ‘ The healer must continuously supervise the patient ‘s reaction to guarantee no hurting is recreated. Using the cognition of joint arthrology, a well-developed sense of tissue tenseness and clinical logical thinking, the healer investigates assorted combinations of analogue or perpendicular semivowels to happen the right intervention plane and.grade of motion. ‘ While prolonging the accoutrement semivowel, the patient is requested to execute the comparable mark. The comparable mark should now be significantly improved ( i.e. , increased scope of gesture and a significantly decreased or better yet, absence of the original hurting ) . ‘ Failure to better the comparable mark would bespeak that the healer has non found the right contact point, intervention plane, class or way of mobilization, spinal section or that the technique is non indicated. ‘ The antecedently restricted and/or painful gesture or activity is repeated by the patient while the healer continues to keep the appropriate accoutrement semivowel. Further additions are expected with repeat during a intervention session typically farther additions may be realised through the application of inactive overpressure at the terminal of available scope. It is expected that this overpressure is once more, unpainful. ‘ Involving three sets of 10 repeats. 2. Chin tucks Position of the patient: posing or standing Position of the healer: standing in forepart of the patient. Get down this exercising by sitting or standing tall with the patient ‘s dorsum and cervix directly, shoulders should be back somewhat. Ask the patient to insert the mentum until he/she experience a mild to chair stretch in cervix hurting ‘ free, teach the patient to maintain his/ her eyes and nose facing forwards during the motion and clasp for 2 seconds, which can be repeated for 10 times provided there is no addition in symptoms. Postural divergence associated with forward caput position at the atlanto occipital, atlanto axial articulations accompanied by flattening of lower cervical spinal column and possible reversal or flattening of mid cervical hollow-back. This place consequences in joint disfunction that leads to abnormal afferent information impacting the tonic cervix physiological reaction and promoting the gradual acceptance of a forward caput place. This cause compaction on craniocervical constructions because of compaction greater and lesser occipital nervousnesss contribute to prolongation of concern. Chin tuck exercising is the postural exercisings which corrects the forward caput position at that place by cut downing compaction on cranio cervical construction and decrease the concern 3.10 Measurement Tool * Visual parallel graduated table * Goniometer Visual parallel graduated table It consists of 10 cm horizontal line with two terminal points. One terminal was labeled as ‘no hurting ‘ and another terminal labeled as ‘most terrible hurting ‘ . The patient was required to put grade letter writers to the degree of hurting strength that the patient felt. 0 centimeter 10 centimeter No hurting most terrible hurting The distance in centimeter from the low terminal of ocular parallel graduated table for patient ‘s hurting was as numerical index of badness of hurting. Goniometer The term goniometer comes from two Grecian words that mean ‘angle ‘ and ‘measure ‘ . It is an instrument which measures an axis and scope of gesture. It consists of two consecutive lengths of fictile stuff joined by a unit of ammunition subdivision with angle devising. One arm is stationary with regard to the cardinal subdivision and the other arm is movable for flexure ‘ rotary motion scope of gesture of cervix, topographic point the axis of goniometer over the vertex of the caput, line up the stationary arm of the goniometer along the stationary line of the organic structure and movable arm analogue to tip of the olfactory organ. The ask the patient to flex the caput forwards every bit far as possible without flexing the bole and ask of gesture, following the motion with the movable arm of the goniometer, do certain that stationary arm remains consecutive. Before expression at the reading, guarantee that arm of goniometer remain aligned with their seve ral limbs and record the measuring indicated on cardinal subdivision of goniometer. 4. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPREATION The information collected was subjected to paired't ‘ trial separately for group A and group B utilizing expressions. Formula 1: vitamin D = ? d/n Where, vitamin D = difference between pretest and posttest values vitamin D = is the average value of vitamin D n = is the figure of topics Formula 2: Standard divergence SD = Formula 3: Standard Error ( S.E ) = SD N ‘t ‘ calculated value = vitamin D S.E Formula 4: ‘t ‘ cal = vitamin D S.E Where, t cal is the T calculated value INDEPENDENT't ‘ Trial Formula 1: S= ( n1-1 ) s12 + ( n2-1 ) s22 n1+n2 -2 Where, s is the standard divergence n1 – is the figure of capable in group A n2- is the figure of capable in group B s1 – is the standard divergence of group A s2 is the standard divergence of group B Formula2 S.E = S 1/n12 + 1/n22 Where, s – is the standard divergence S.E. – is the standard mistake Formula 3 X1 – X2 ‘t ‘ cal = S.E Where, X1 is the norm of difference in values between pretest and station trial X2 is the norm of difference in values between pretest and station trial Paired T trial [ comparing of pretest and posttest mean ] TABLE – I 1. Trouble graduated table Capable In group A, the average ocular parallel graduated table pretest value was 7.8 and posttest value was 4.2.For 14 grade of freedom at 0.05 degree of significance, the T table value is 2.145 and T calculated value is 13.823, statistically important In group B, the average ocular parallel graduated table pretest value was 6.8 and posttest value was 2.86.For 14 grade of freedom at 0.05 degree of significance, the T table value is 2.145 and T calculated value is 21.299, statistically important TABLE- II 2. Scope of gesture Capable In group A, the average cervical flexure rotary motion scope of gesture pretest value was 26.13and posttest value was 29.13.For 14 grade of freedom at 0.05 degree of significance, the T table value is 2.145 and T calculated value is 15.370, statistically important In group B, the average cervical flexure rotary motion scope of gesture pretest value was 25.6and posttest value was 28.3.For 14 grade of freedom at 0.05 degree of significance, the T table value is 2.145 and T calculated value is 17.692, statistically important Independent ‘t ‘ trial TABLE- III 1. Trouble topic Sustained natural apophyseal semivowel Vs sustained natural apophyseal semivowel with chin tuck exercising The independent T trial value for hurting, 1.0064 is severally for 28 grade of freedom at 0.05 degree of significance and critical tabular array value is 2.048, hence there is no important difference in both the group TABLE- IV 2. Scope of gesture topic Sustained natural apophyseal semivowel Vs sustained natural apophyseal semivowel with chin tuck exercising The independent T trial value for scope of gesture, 1.0853 is severally for 28 grade of freedom at 0.05 degree of significance and critical tabular array value is 2.048, hence there is no important difference in both the group Interpretation OF DATA 1. Calculated value of mated ‘t ‘ trial for group A ( Pain ) = 13.823 2. Calculated value of mated ‘t ‘ trial for group B ( Pain ) = 21.299 3. Calculated value of mated ‘t ‘ trial for group A ( scope of gesture ) = 15.370 4. Calculated value of mated ‘t ‘ trial for group B ( scope of gesture ) = 17.692 5. Calculated value of independent ‘t ‘ trial for hurting = 1.0064 6. Calculated value of independent ‘t ‘ trial for scope of gesture = 1.0853 5. Result The pretest and posttest value of the groups were analyzed utilizing mated t trial and independent t trial. In group A, the average ocular parallel graduated table pretest value was 7.8 and posttest value was 4.2 for 14 grade of freedom at 0.05 degree of significance, the T table value is 2.145 and T calculated value is 13.823 which is greater than t value. In group B, the average ocular parallel graduated table pretest value was 6.8 and posttest value was 2.86 for 14 grade of freedom at 0.05 degree of significance, the T table value is 2.145 and T calculated value is 21.299 which is greater than t value. In group A, the average cervical flexure rotary motion scope of gesture pre trial value was 26.13and posttest value was 29.13 for 14 grade of freedom at 0.05 degree of significance, the T table value is 2.145 and T calculated value is 15.370 which is greater than t value. In group B, the average cervical flexure rotary motion scope of gesture pre trial value was 25.6and station trial value was 28.3 for 14 grade of freedom at 0.05 degree of significance, the T table value is 2.145 and T calculated value is 17.692 which is greater than t value. The independent t trial values for hurting, 1.0064 is severally for 28 grade of freedom at 0.05 degree of significance and critical tabular array value is 2.048, hence there is no important difference in both the group. The independent t trial values for scope of gesture, 1.0853 is severally for 28 grade of freedom at 0.05 degree of significance and critical tabular array value is 2.048, hence there is no important difference in both the group. From this survey we are accepting void hypothesis and rejecting alternate hypothesis. 6. Discussion Decrease in hurting strength was important in both the groups ( sustained natural apophyseal semivowel, chin tuck with sustained natural apophyseal semivowel ) . Pain alleviation in both the group occurred due to rectification of positional mistake and decreased emphasis in cervix constructions. Restricted flexure rotary motion scope of gesture is one of the cause for cervicogenic concern. The application of sustained natural apophyseal semivowel and chin tuck along with sustained natural apophyseal semivowel facilitated the addition in scope of gesture. There was statistically important betterment in cervical flexure rotary motion scope of gesture and lessening in hurting on last twenty-four hours of intervention in both the group, but there was no important difference between the groups. 7. Suggestion * The survey can be done in big samples * Study can be carried out for longer period of continuance * It can be applied for patient with cervix hurting and stiffness with no arm motion * Can be applied for low back hurting due to lumbar joint engagement * Control group can be added Restriction * The survey was done for a short span * This survey was applied for age group 20 -59 old ages * This survey was done merely on patient with positive flexure rotary motion trial 8. Decision The survey was conducted with an purpose to compare the effectivity of sustained natural apophyseal semivowel and sustained natural apophyseal semivowel along with chin tuck exercising. Both these intercessions are utile in handling cervicogenic concern in concern of hurting and addition in cervical flexure rotary motion scope of gesture. Thus it was concluded that there was important lessening in hurting and addition in cervical flexure rotary motion scope of gesture in both the group. But there was no important difference between the groups.

Gender Essay Essay

During this essay I will be assessing the view that over the recent years the roles of both men and women have changed affecting society and the majority of households. In 1957 Elizabeth Bott as one of the first sociologists to study how the change of leisure, employment and lifestyle affected the roles of husbands and wives. She called these conjugal roles and claimed that there were two main types, segregated and joint. Segregated roles consisted of the splitting of the domestic tasks, where the men took care of the DIY tasks they carried the instrumental role. Women’s tasks consisted of the cleaning, the cooking etc. they carried the expressive role. Joint roles meant the domestic labour within a household as distributed evenly. Willmott and Young studied the symmetrical family offering an alternative perspective on conjugal roles, claiming they had become increasingly similar. It appeared that division of labour based on gender was breaking down. Although, many did support this idea their work was challenged by feminist sociologists such as Ann Oakley. She provided some imperial research which dismissed the view of the sharing caring husband. Oakley based her research on interviews in which she had conducted on 40 married women with 1 or more dependant children. It showed that women saw housework and childcare as their prime responsibility and received little help from their husbands. Whereas Willmott and Young had claimed that 72% of men ‘help in the house’, this figure indicates that husbands only had to perform one household chore a week. Oakley stated that this is hardly convincing evidence of male domestication and women carried a dual burden, they go to work come home a follow out the domestic labour. However this evidence is 30 years out of date, but it does show that the roles of men and women are gradually moving towards equality and the symmetrical family but are still a long way from it. Fiona Devine conducted a small scale study of car worker’s families in Luton indicating that men’s contribution to domestic labour increased when their wives re-entered paid employment. But the man’s role is still secondary; all women remain responsible for childcare and housework where their husband’s merely help them. This evidence clearly shows a pure suggestion of division of labour in most household tasks, although the equality and change indicates the tasks are becoming joint due to women working. To help show this trend another piece of research came into focus by Jonathon Gershuny, in which he analysed data from 1974-1987. It showed a gradual increase in the amount of domestic tasks preformed by men, and this increase is greatest when women are in full-time paid employment. Husbands whose wives worked spent double the amount of time cooking and cleaning. Gershuny concludes that women still bear the main burden of domestic labour, and there is a process of lagged adaptation. He thinks it may take up a generation or more until men catch up and make an equal contribution.

Community Health Essay

Measels, also known as rubeola, is a viral respiratory illness. Although vaccination is available in developed countries, it remains one of the leading causes of death among children worldwide (CDC, 2013). The degree of contagiousness of measles contributes to this alarming statistic. The first sign of measles is often an extremely elevated temperature and lasts for approximately one week. Other signs and symptoms include cold-like symptoms such as cough, watery eyes, and a runny nose. Also, small white lesions are visible on the interior of the mouth. A hallmark indication of the measles respiratory virus is the rash presenting on the face and neck, which spreads with time to the limbs. There is no antiviral for the measles at present time. However, a definitive treatment has been identified. Vitamin A supplements, two doses given 24 hours apart, have been proven to reduce the number of deaths resulting from this virus by half (WHO, 2014). The deaths that do result from the measles virus are typically due to complications resulting from the virus. A2,3: Incidence: Because there is a vaccination for measles, it is rare in parts of the world where children are routinely vaccinated. Worldwide, there are approximately 20 million instances of measles (WHO, 2014). Mortality: There are over 100,000 deaths yearly contributed to measles. The majority of those deaths occurred in India (WHO, 2014). Prevalence: After the introduction of the measles vaccination, the prevalence of the virus has decreased dramatically. However, vaccinations that are easily accessible within the United States and other developed countries are not as readily available for other countries. Awareness: Immunization awareness is of utmost importance. Because deaths from this disease are easily preventable with a simple immunization, immunization programs are essential in protecting human lives.

Dewey's Democratic Individualism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dewey's Democratic Individualism - Essay Example Even crime is becoming corporate. What happens nowadays is that "these corporations [effect] a change of social life from an individual to corporate affair." Reactions of the individual and society as a whole to this change are manifold: they affect the psychological, professional, and political sphere. According to Dewey, "they affect the working ideas, beliefs and conduct of all of us." However there is a split within individual and in a society, and most specifically-the split within the new business mind. The split comes about because "the results of industry.. are corporate and collective" while the inner motives are private and individual. Dewey calls resolution to this state "a law of mental integrity"; this will come about when inner motives become concerned with corporate goals-that is to say, shared goals. Dewey says: "When the corporateness becomes internal, that is, it is realized in thought and purpose, it will become qualitative Law will be realized not as a rule arbitrarily imposed from without but as the relations which hold individuals together." According to Dewey, these two statements are closely connected with essential question pertaining to individuality: the need for a new theory and new morals which would explain human nature and its connection to society in these new economic conditions. This would be the basis of democracy in current American society. Dewey states that "Dewey states that "[a]ssured and integrated individuality is the product of definite social relationships and publicly acknowledged functions." These relationships being established, as well as the public acknowledgment of the role of different human endeavors within a current society, the split of the business mind would be healed. There needs to be "some consensus of belief as to the meaning of finance and industry in civilization as a whole". This would supply a sense of meaning to the business mind and its importance within a society. Dewey further analyzes this social and individual split. What is lacking as a reward for achieving one's ends, (the reward presently being financial profit), is a sense of social fulfillment. Social fulfillment of individuals is a key factor in new democracy. The current standards of value are "derived from pecuniary success and economic prosperity". This is not enough for individual fulfillment, as human beings need a sense of solidarity and participation. This then implies shared and common values. The essential trait of human nature, according to American tradition, is love of liberty, but Dewey wonders if men would surrender their liberties in the name of solidarity, with the sense of union that it entails and respect by others it provides. What is needed is new psychological and moral theories to explain human nature, and which are in accordance with society at present and its corporateness. Culture is another important element of new democracy. For political freedom, freedom of culture is essential: "positive conditions, forming the prevailing state of culture, are required". Everybody should share in enjoyment of the arts. Culture is extremely important because it determines the patterns of behavior of any given group in a specific period-as proved by recent anthropological findings. It also puts a new spin on the problem of relation of the individual to the social -as it defines current customs, rules, traditions, and institutions. Dewey

Working for Community Gains Leader Recognition Essay

Working for Community Gains Leader Recognition - Essay Example This is the concern of many fire chiefs throughout the country and one that was shared with community leader Whitney Laning more than a year ago. Unlike many, though, Laning took action, learning what kind of help firefighters needed to provide the community with greater safety and moving forward to organize this support. For the past year, Laning has worked tirelessly to bring together the Rowlett Citizen Corps Council (RCCC), a nonprofit group dedicated to finding funding for the CERT program and equipment, and the Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) in the city. He was working to make the community a safer place for both citizens and emergency respondents, but his efforts were recently recognized in a big way. Laning was named one of the Five Outstanding Young Texans at a special black tie ceremony held in the state capital. â€Å"It was very rewarding and humbling to be in such company with these great folks that are doing such tremendous things around the country,† Laning said. Past recipients included George H.W. Bush in 1956 and Henry Cisneros in 1976. The primary program is the CERT program. This organization functions during normal emergency situations by providing canteen services to the firefighters – giving them cool drinks, food to help them keep up their strength and a cool place to rest when fighting a long-term fire. However, those trained in the CERT program are also able to jump in and lend a hand when required at times when emergency personnel is overwhelmed. â€Å"If we had a large scale disaster like a tornado come through here, it could be 24-72 hours before we received any kind of state of federal assistance. That’s where these citizens will be able to make a real difference,† said Fire Chief Larry Wright. As part of CERT, citizens are trained in first aid, damage assessment, evacuation procedures and even some light search and rescue. Laning’s leadership in these  programs has been instrumental in obtaining the multiple awards and recognitions each program has received to date, according to Greg and Lisa Peoples, the Junior Chamber of Commerce members who nominated Laning for the award.  Ã‚  

Faculty Data Interpretation( the HW is just answer 5 Questions (small Assignment

Faculty Data Interpretation( the HW is just answer 5 Questions (small paragraphs) basted on two graghs about spiders - Assignment Example A small number of gum-footed threads would reduce the chances of the spider capturing its prey. The threads observed in figures 1 and 2 shows that the house spider employs the optimal foraging theory in capturing its prey. Well-fed spiders spin a heavier mass of silk. It costs more in terms of energy and time to spin a web. A starving spider does not have the energy that is required to spin a web. In figure one, well-fed spiders spin heavier webs than starving ones. However, the spider has to capture prey or it will die. To avoid starvation, it would increase the number of sticky gum-footed threads to avoid death. The sticky gum footed threads offer it a higher chance of catching prey with less energy expended. This phenomenon is observed in figure 2 where the starving spiders spin more sticky gum-footed threads than the well-fed spiders. Arthur, Christopoulos and Harvey, Motulsky. Fitting Models to Biological Data using Linear and Nonlinear Regression: A practical guide to curve fitting. San Diego, CA: Graph Pad Software Inc., 2003.

Trends in International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Trends in International Business - Essay Example Deregulation process has actually allowed global firms to expand and enter into the markets which were traditionally closed. Further, deregulation has created more efficiency and has allowed them to move beyond bureaucracies to implement better and more improved management practices. Deregulation of industries like Airline services has driven the prices down and further intensified the competition. This has therefore benefited common consumers to take advantage of lower prices and more efficient products and services. (Katsioloudes & Hadjidakis, 2012) The fall of Berlin Wall has actually paved the way for the integration of Europe and has allowed Eastern Europe to come out of the Communist influence. The changes in Eastern Europe since the fall has allowed these countries to become part of EU and thus gave access to new markets. International firms have also gained access to cheap labor in Europe besides Consumers getting low priced

HSBC E-Business Challenges and Mitigation Essay

HSBC E-Business Challenges and Mitigation - Essay Example As the paper highlights that the basic derivation of such nature is spread in the form of various Malwares and intentional programs which result in harmful activities for a particular business or internet community at large. The various security concerns are dependent on the technologies in use like Ajax and other majority of technologies used. The composite feature of the security concerns are as follows: This paper outlines that the largest threat is content exploitation and the various implications of duplicating a wrong site to the transacting parties. It is quite often seen in practice wherein the content is misrepresented with wrong and misleading information about the subject. Often the content which is uploaded and saved by users are not properly referenced like Wikipedia and are nor taken as valid sources for fetching content in many universities. The various objectives which are desired to be achieved would be quite misleading in such cases and make sure that all the various thoughts are achieved to its maximum limit. The security still remains the primary issue for any online activity and when it comes to online transaction the threats increase multifold. Transfer of funds and various online trading activities would meet with severe access control for fetching a secured manner for access and security control. The online operations are still facing the worst dangers from secu rity and fraud and continue the traditional process of fetching the business. The better security mechanisms would enable to enrich businesses and would contribute largely to the faith of online transactions are would enable to reach customers base for better catering of products and services.

Cable Wars, Fox News vs MSNBC Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Cable Wars, Fox News vs MSNBC - Term Paper Example There are actually facts and history of how media reportage influenced several nationwide actions and decisions, including the infamous civil war in Rwanda, which was believed to have started as an aftermath of a journalist’s submission on air (Schudson, 2002). In the United States and other advanced countries, the kind of media attention and hype given to politicians have said to go a long way in affecting their political carries greatly. A very popular example can be cited with the role the media played in the election of the first Black person to the position of the president of the United States of America, in the person of Barack Obama. Because of the increasingly noticeable influence of the media, there seem to be a continuous urge among most media houses to be the most noted and post popular when it comes to who has the highest following and thus most influential impact on society. This has created what has come to be known as the cable war. History of Cable News In the United States, Cable news refers to television stations that are dedicated purposely for news broadcast (Shen, 2009). Not until the 1980s, not much was known of media houses in the popularization of news broadcast as a full time journalistic business. But from the early 1980s, the pace set by early television stations that became predominantly focused on news broadcast such as Cable News Network (CNN), brought about the term in its most used sense. With time, there became a more centralized approach to cable news when some television stations started narrowing their focus or definition of news. This means that instead of focusing on news as a general term, there became cable news stations that would look into issues like only business or sports as their specialized area of news broadcast (Sparks, 2007). Apart from CNN, which came in 1980, other equally reputable cable news stations or networks followed such as Financial News Network, which came about in 1981, CNN2 in 1982, and CNBC , which was formed in 1989. It was later that other names suffered, that also came to be considered as powerhouses in cable news stations such as Fox News Channel, MSNBC and ESPNews. Among those who would later come to undertake centralized cable news services were Fox Business Network and Bloomberg Television, which focused predominantly on finance, ESPN, which focused on sports, and The Weather Channel, which does weather news. Today, hardly can anyone talk of cable news without mentioning Al Jazeera America. If the history of the development of cable news is anything to go by, one would say that there remains a bright and competitive future for the industry with more faces to surface with time (Ness, 2006). The Concept of Cable War According to media professor Lance Strate, the issue of cable war between Fox News and MSNBC is more of an ideological war rather than a chaotic media war (Schudson, 2002). What this means is that the two media platforms refuse to agree on the same lev el with it comes to most aspects of political and editorial contents. The height of the war or rivalry was however experienced in the build up to the 2012 General Elections between Democrat Barack Obama and Republican Mitt Romney. Between Fox News and MSNBC, Robbins (2012) sees what was a deliberate attempt to take opposing and biased stands that seemed to favor one political divide against the other. The same

Firm behaviour which seeks to give considerable weight to ethical Essay - 1

Firm behaviour which seeks to give considerable weight to ethical concerns must do so at the expense of profit. Discuss ma - Essay Example Having established a definition of ethics, the question as to whether or not a business can sustain very prominent ethical principles without sacrificing profitability requires significant examination. According to Milton Friedman (2003), a respected business theorist and philosopher, the only genuine goal of a business is to ensure shareholder satisfaction and earn a profit; this over all other objectives. Friedman’s view is that attainment of profit, by which some individuals in society believe this objective to be akin to greed and materialism, supersedes the demand for sustaining the highest standards of moral and decent behaviours. For many in society, however, this is deemed unethical behaviour requiring further focus on social responsibility. There is, however, ample evidence that both profit achievement and production of ethical behaviours can be effectively balanced. Why ethics and profit can achieve equilibrium Within a business dynamic, it is recognised that leaders who publicly exhibit high standards of ethical behaviour are more apt to gain trust from employee followers, making it more motivational for employees to follow the established mission and vision of the leader (Watts 2008; Resick, Hanges, Dickson and Mitchellson 2006). According to the literature, transparency and trust are two key dimensions for establishing a cohesive organisational culture (Barrett 2011). Since ethics and trust go hand-in-hand, theoretically the ethical leader will be able to establish an organisational culture that remains unified and consistently working toward modelling ethical behaviours that have been openly demonstrated by the leadership. Business theory and marketing theory, further, indicate that once a very cohesive and cooperative organisational culture has been established, it is easier for the firm to sustain competitive advantages that are attributed to human capital development. For instance, Armstrong (2007) indicates that once trust and cohesion have been established, employee followers of the ethical leader are more committed to attaining organisational goals and more loyal to the business due to the fact that the ethical leader was able to speak to the hearts and minds of employees. Why is this important to understanding whether ethics and profit can be balanced? When an organisation is perceived by external investors to sustain a very cohesive organisational culture, they are considered to be world class organisations with much more incentive for investment potential (Very, Lubatkin, Calori and Viega 1997). The ethical leader described in the aforementioned example has managed, theoretically, to build more loyalty and commitment simply by exhibiting ethical behaviours. Concurrently, the external investor now witnesses the human capital advantages of establishing a cooperative team environment and subsequently provides investment that assists the organisation in its long-term strategic plans and objectives, such as new ca pital machinery for production or improving the marketing function. In this example, ethical behaviours served as the absolute catalyst for improving the financial situation of the business. Without having exhibited ethical behaviours, the leader would not be creating an organisation

Global Climate Models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global Climate Models - Essay Example Furthermore, recent studies have shown that the model is very efficient in estimating global climate change. It has been adopted by many nations globally because of its effective understanding of climate sensitivity. Moreover, the ECHAM5 reproduces the global metrics of the tropical cyclones. The other submodels before the ECHAM5 include the ECHAM4 which reproduces the extremes and variability of rainfall (Randall and Wood). The model was developed in 2005 by the Beijing Climate Centre. It was designed as a global ocean, atmospheric global model to reflect or study the mean climatological state (Bader, 2008). Therefore, it was not designed climate change in China, but to be used all over the globe. Additionally, it is very important to note that this model is used to predict global and East Asian seasonal climate. It presents a very high resolution of climate forecasts in China and more so it produces monthly scale forecasts of the climate in this region (Palmer, 2014). As a result, the monthly extended dynamic range system is thus based on the BCC-CM1 model. The BCC-CM1, 2005 has proved to be very accurate in predicting seasonal climate change as compared to the atmospheric and ocean models. After the analysis of the two climate models, it is crystal clear that the models were created in the same year and that both of them are coupled employing a combination of two models in one. However, the two models greatly differ from each other. The BCC-CM1, 2005 was designed in China while the ECHAM5/MPI-ON was designed in Germany. The most important difference is that the BCC-CMI model is very effective in predicting seasonal climate change. On the other hand, the ECHAM5/MPI-OM forecast climate change in the long run (Semenov & Stratonovitch, 2010). The computation of the ECHAM5 is meant to predict the climate change globally, but for a long duration of time.  Ã‚  

Banana Sushi Outline Essay Example for Free

Banana Sushi Outline Essay How many of you have ever tried or eaten a peanut butter and banana sandwich? For those who have banana sushi is exactly that but much more fun and exciting to do at home. Transition: let’s start by getting ingredients BODY: I. The first step is to get all of the ingredients. A. There are certain ingredients needed to make banana sushi; the first step is to gather them. 1. You will need the peanut butter of your choice (smooth works better) 2. You will need two pieces of bread 3. And you will need a fresh banana Transition: now that we have the ingredients we can get the materials B. There are also certain materials necessary to make banana sushi; the second step is to gather those. 1. You will need a butter knife 2. You will need a rolling pin 3. And you will need some type of cutting board. Transition: Now that we have both the ingredients and the materials to make banana sushi we can start making it! C. Now you can start making it. 1. The first step is to cut all the crust off of the bread and dispose of it, then to lay the edges of the bread on top of each other and flatten it together with the rolling pin. 2. The second step is to then take the butter knife and spread the peanut butter over the bread. . The third step is to take your banana, peel it and cut it into coin size pieces and lay them neatly on the bread covered with peanut butter. 4. The final step is to roll the bread and then cut it into sections   The three steps in making banana sushi: A. The first step is gathering the ingredients B. The second step is gathering the materials C. The third step is making it. II. Now that I’ve shown you guys a fun new way to eat a peanut butter and banana sandwich otherwise known as banana sushi, I hope you will try it at least once in your life because it’s always nice to try something new.

The purpose of accounting and its role in the management of a busienss

The purpose of accounting and its role in the management of a busienss Introduction Understanding how a business operates and what makes it successful requires knowledge of the accounting process. This unit introduces you to the purpose of accounting and its role in the management of a business organisation. Accounting involves the recording of business transactions, and this in turn, leads to the generation of financial information, which can be used as the basis of good financial control and planning. Inadequate record-keeping and a lack of effective planning ultimately lead to poor financial results. It is vital that owners and managers of businesses are able to recognise the indications of potential difficulties. Remedial action can then be taken. This unit should give you the skills and knowledge needed to understand and manage finances. The unit is divided into two distinct parts. The first is an understanding of the accounting processes necessary to provide accurate and relevant financial information. The second part is the practical aspect of carrying out those accounting activities. You will be introduced to accounting terminology as they study the purpose and function of accounting and consider the various categories of business income and expenditure. It is important to know the sources of an organisations income and the nature of its expenditure as this clarifies the basis of its profitability and enables more effective control of the business. This control begins with the planning process and learners will study the use of a cash flow forecast which requires managers to set cash flow targets that can be monitored and adjusted on a regular basis. You will consider the effective management of cash flow and the implications of cash flow problems. The link between business failures and cash flow problems will be highlighted. The measurement of an organisations financial performance and position requires an understanding of a basic profit and loss account and balance sheet. This understanding permits the analysis of profitability, liquidity and efficiency of the organisation through the application of ratio analysis. Analysis will always require comparison of current figures with those from a previous accounting period or those of a similar business organisation. You will discover the method of carrying out ratio analysis as well as the meaning and implication of the figures. General information Making the grade Each of the elements that make up a part of the assignment has been graded to show their level of difficulty. As you complete each element successfully you will have achieved the grade indicated for that particular element. There are four elements that have been graded as a Pass (P), two graded as a Merit (M) and two graded as a Distinction (D). It is important to remember that you must successfully complete all 4 Pass elements before you can be awarded a Pass mark for the assignment. Only when all 4 elements have been achieved can you be considered for a Merit grade. Equally, you must complete both Merit elements before you can be considered for a Distinction mark. Completing your assignment Here are a few tips to help you be successful; Begin your research straight away Keep a file with all your work, from rough research to final reports Keep a record of where all your research information came from and list them in your bibliography. Use the Assessment Evidence sheet in the assignment and the detailed explanations of each part to make sure you complete everything you are required to and keep all the evidence required to achieve PASS, MERIT and DISTINCTION marks. You will find that ticking each one off as you complete them will be really helpful. It is strongly recommended that you meet the interim deadlines shown in this document as your lecturer will have the opportunity to ensure you are making good progress and to help with suggestions for the next part of the assignment. Only work handed in by the interim deadline dates will be marked at that stage. It goes without saying that you must complete and hand in your final version of the Assignment on or before the final deadline date. Part One (relating to P1) Understand the purpose of accounting Scenario You have been recruited to helping your uncles family set up and run a clothing shop called DessiDesigns on the Broadway. In the past they set up and ran smaller scale businesses, but have muddled up their finances. Your knowledge and guidance regarding financial aspects will be essential to build this into a successful venture. Task 1 Prepare a short report (500 600 words) for your uncle and aunt explaining the purpose of accounting. Explain why it is important to record transactions. (P1) Hints from the syllabus Purpose: record transactions; monitor activity; control; management of the business (planning, monitoring, controlling); measurement of financial performance (gross profit, net profit, value owed to and by the business). Grade criteria P1 Describe the purpose of accounting. How you will be marked To achieve P1, learners will describe clearly the main purpose of accounting for an organisation. The description may be brief but it should be accurate and should incorporate the recording of historical data to be able to check on financial performance and position, as well as the planning aspect of management accounting. Part 2 relating to P2 Understand the categorisation of business income and expenditure Task 2 Write a short (200 words) explanation regarding the difference between capital and revenue items of expenditure and income. Use examples to help you so that your uncle understands each. Task 3 Complete the exercise (overleaf) putting various examples of income and expenditure into the revenue and capital categories. Task 3 relating to P2 Nameà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Put each of the following into the correct category below Advertising paid Investment from owner Purchase of stock Bank charges paid Investment from partner Rent paid Buildings bought Issuance of shares Rent received Business rates paid Land bought Salaries paid Cash sales received Lighting bill paid Sales commissions paid Commissions received Loan from bank Stationary bought Credit sales received Machinery bought Telephone bill paid Fittings bought Mortgage from bank Trademarks bought Furniture bought Office equipment bought Training paid for staff Goodwill bought Patent bought Transportation of goods Heating bill Pensions paid Vehicles bought Insurance premium paid Postage paid Wages paid Interest on loans payable Printing paid Revenue income Capital Expenditure Revenue expenditure Capital income Grade criteria P2 Explain the difference between capital and revenue items of expenditure and income. How you will be marked For P2, learners will be expected to identify the different categories of capital income, capital expenditure, revenue income and revenue expenditure as listed in the unit content. This may be achieved in a number of ways. For example, learners could examine a specific type of organisation, identifying the likely income and revenue and indicating in each case whether it is of a capital or revenue nature. They should also describe clearly what is meant by each category. At this stage, learners are not expected to calculate profit or to know the impact of the income and expenditure items on profit. Hints from the syllabus Capital income: sole traders; partners; shares; loans; mortgages. Revenue income: sales (cash and credit transactions); rent received; commission received. Capital expenditure: fixed assets (land and buildings; office equipment; machinery; furniture and fittings; motor vehicles); intangibles, eg goodwill, patents, trademarks. Revenue expenditure: premises costs, eg rent, rates, heating and lighting, insurance; administrative costs, eg telephone charges, postage, printing, stationery; staff costs, eg salaries, wages, training, insurance, pensions; selling and distribution costs, eg sales staff salaries, carriage on sales, marketing; finance costs, eg bank charges, loan and mortgage interest; purchase of stock (cash and credit transactions). Part 3 relating to (P3, M1, D1) Be able to prepare a cash flow forecast Task 4 To achieve P3 you must prepare and complete accurately a cash flow forecast for DessiDesigns. The scenario will be given to you to complete in class. Grade criteria P3 Prepare a twelve-month cash flow forecast to enable an organisation to manage its cash. How you will be marked. For P3, learners should construct a twelve-month cash flow forecast from the information given in a scenario, accurately calculating each months receipts, payments, opening and closing balances. Hints from the syllabus Cash flow forecast: structure; timescale; credit periods; receipts (cash sales, debtors, capital, loans, other income); payments (cash purchases, trade creditors, revenue expenditure, capital expenditure, Value Added Tax (VAT)); opening and closing cash/bank balances. Once you have accurately completed and passed the task 4 cash flow exercise, you will use the information for tasks 5 and 6 where you will analyse the cash flow forecast you have completed and identify potential problems of the business and move further to suggest possible solutions. Task 5 Analyse the cash flow for DessiDesigns and discuss problems the business might experience (M1). Use the figures you have prepared. (As a guide you should identify at least 3 issues and describe why this are problems for the business based on the cash flow forecast. In order to pass this section you must make your report relevant to your uncles business.) Grade criteria M1 Analyse the cash flow problems a business might experience. How you will be marked For M1, learners should comment on the cash flow, highlighting any problems that are evident, such as a shortage of cash as a result of costly capital expenditure in one month. Hints from the syllabus Cash flow management: problems within the cash flow forecast, eg insufficient cash to meet payments that are due. Task 6 Based on your uncles business DessiDesigns recommend and justify actions for them to help them improve the cash flow and overcome the cash flow problems identified in task 5. (D1) (As a guide your report should be approximately 1000 words and should give reasons for your recommendations. In order to pass this section you must make your report relevant to your uncles business). Be prepared for a viva of your work. (This will be in the form of a few questions to assess your understanding you will be given an appointment time to enable you to prepare for this). Grade criteria D1 Recommend and justify actions a business might take when experiencing cash flow problems. How you will be marked For D1, learners will make appropriate recommendations to solve the cash flow problems, such as retiming large payments or arranging an overdraft. Learners should show awareness of the dangers and costs of poor financial planning. Hints from the syllabus Solutions, eg overdraft arrangements, negotiating terms with creditors, reviewing and rescheduling capital expenditure Part 4 relating to P4 Understand profit and loss accounts and balance sheets Task 7 Explain the component parts of a profit and loss account and balance sheet provided for DessiDesigns. Describe the purpose and use of the trading, profit and loss account and balance sheet. Explain how gross profit and net profit are calculated. You will be given a sample PL statement and a Sample Balance Sheet for DessiDesigns to comment on. Grade criteria P4 Explain the component parts of a profit and loss account and balance sheet in a given organisation. How you will be marked For P4, learners will describe the purpose and use of the trading, profit and loss account and balance sheet. They will also explain how gross profit and net profit are calculated by indicating the kinds of income and expenditure that are included. Learners will be presented with a trading and profit and loss account and a balance sheet for a business organisation, which should be set out using the vertical style. Learners will label the cost of goods sold section and the overheads section of the profit and loss account. Hints from the syllabus Profit and loss account: purpose and use; trading account and calculation of gross profit (sales, purchases, opening and closing stocks); calculation of net profit (overheads, other revenue income, eg discounts received); commission received; transfer of net profit to balance sheet. Balance sheet: purpose and use; vertical presentation; order of permanence; fixed assets; current assets; intangible assets; long-term liabilities; current liabilities; working capital; net assets; transfer of net profit from profit and loss account; capital employed. Part 5 relating to P5, M2, D2 Be able to review business performance using simple ratio analysis Task 8 P5 Perform ratio analysis to measure the profitability, liquidity and efficiency of DessiDesigns. Calculate the following ratios for the business given show the formulas and all the working out. Explain what each ratio tells us about your uncles business. Profitability Liquidity Efficiency Gross profit % of sales Current ratio Debtors payment period Net profit % of sales Acid test ratio Creditors payment period Return on capital employed Rate of stock turnover Grade criteria P5 Perform ratio analysis to measure the profitability, liquidity and efficiency of a given organisation. How you will be marked For P5, learners will outline clearly what is meant by the terms profitability, liquidity and efficiency. That description will include the meaning and relevance of each ratio. Hints from the syllabus Profitability: gross profit percentage of sales; net profit percentage of sales; return on capital employed (ROCE). Liquidity: current ratio; acid test ratio/liquidity ratio. Efficiency: debtors payment period; creditors payment period; rate of stock turnover. Task 9 (M2) Analyse the following ratios for the DesiDesigns and explain what each means for your uncle. Relate these to the strengths and weaknesses of the business. Profitability Liquidity Efficiency Gross profit % of sales Current ratio Debtors payment period Net profit % of sales Acid test ratio Creditors payment period Return on capital employed Rate of stock turnover Grade criteria M2 Analyse the performance of a business using suitable ratios. How you will be marked For M2, learners will identify the accounting ratios they will use to measure profitability, liquidity and efficiency and will calculate these accurately, based on the trading and profit and loss account and the balance sheet. The relevant accounting ratios from the previous year, or from another similar type of business organisation, will be given to the learners. Hints from the syllabus Profitability: gross profit percentage of sales; net profit percentage of sales; return on capital employed (ROCE). Liquidity: current ratio; acid test ratio/liquidity ratio. Efficiency: debtors payment period; creditors payment period; rate of stock turnover. Task 10 (D2) Prepare a power point presentation to evaluate the financial performance of your uncles business using ratio analysis. You will be given a second set of ratios to compare your first set of businesses ratios with. Look for trends. Is the business doing better or worse? Make suggestions on what can be done about this. Make sure you give appropriate evidence for your conclusions and recommendations. The presentation will be done individually and will be followed by a few questions by the lecturer or fellow classmates. Grade criteria D2 Evaluate the financial performance and position of a business using ratio analysis. How you will be marked For D2, learners will demonstrate a good understanding of the meaning of the accounting ratios used by comparing the figures calculated with those given. Learners will work in groups to evaluate the performance and position of the business organisation, based on the ratio analysis, giving appropriate evidence for any conclusion made. Learners could present their evidence and findings as part of a group using a PowerPoint presentation or OHTs. Assignment Part 1 Task No Criteria Interim date 1 P1 describe the purpose of accounting P1 Assignment Part 2 Task No Criteria Interim date 2 3 explain the difference between capital and revenue items of expenditure and income P2a P2b Assignment Part 3 Task No Criteria Interim date 4 prepare a twelve-month cash flow forecast to enable an organisation to manage its cash P3 5 analyse the cash flow problems a business might experience M1 6 recommend and justify actions a business might take when experiencing cash flow problems D1 Assignment Part 4 Task No Criteria Interim date 7 explain the component parts of a profit and loss account and balance sheet in a given organisation P4 Assignment Part 5 Task No Criteria Interim date 8 Perform ratio analysis to measure the profitability, liquidity and efficiency of a given organisation. P5 9 Analyse the performance of a business using suitable ratios. M2 10 Evaluate the financial performance and position of a business using ratio analysis. D2 Part 1 P1 describe the purpose of accounting Part 2 P2 explain the difference between capital and revenue items of expenditure and income Part 3 P3 prepare a twelve-month cash flow forecast to enable an organisation to manage its cash M1 analyse the cash flow problems a business might experience D1 recommend and justify actions a business might take when experiencing cash flow problems Part 4 P4 explain the component parts of a profit and loss account and balance sheet in a given organisation Part 5 P5 perform ratio analysis to measure the profitability, liquidity and efficiency of a given organisation. M2 analyse the performance of a business using suitable ratios. D2 evaluate the financial performance and position of a business using ratio analysis.

Case Study Of Goa Tourism Essay

Case Study Of Goa Tourism Essay With the liberalization of the economy in 1990s and the subsequent growth of the Indian Industry, businesses started coming to Goa for their Conferences, Meetings and Events. This has led to a growth in the business of Conference Tourism in Goa and has unique features that have the potential to create a different brand personality of Goa as a Business Tourist Destination among the domestic businesses. This paper attempts to look at the Destination of Goa which attracts Business Conferences, a trend that is seeing significant growth, both, during the season as well as during the off-season. An attempt has been made to do a qualitative study to identify the impact of Business Conferences on the brand personality of Goa. A Case Study method is adopted to study the process of Business Conference organization to capture the personality type and personality creation which occurs among the Business Conference attendees. The creation of a entertainment personality of Brand Goa is seen as the dominant image which Goa has carved in the minds of the target segment, namely, the domestic businesses tourist. INTRODUCTION Branding and Brand Equity is a widely researched area in the Marketing literature. (Aaker, 1992; Keller, 1993). It has been argued that brands and branding create value, reduce consumer search costs, reduce risks for consumers and satisfy consumer needs. (Biswas,1992; Berthon et al., 1999; Bhat and Reddy, 1998). Tourism destinations are also brands that tourists consume. Whether these brands are created or emerge on their own is a debatable point both in academics as well as in practice. The role of branding process in creating a destination brand has been tried out in India (the Incredible India brand campaign in 2010) and has been researched in terms of destination brand (Cai, 2002). Tourism destinations are also perceived as a brand (Hosany, Ekinci, and Uysal, 2007) and as such can be amenable to marketing activities that enable the development of a specific brand image due to the actions of the destination marketers or the emergence of a specific brand image due to the actions of the (supply side) players and the actions of the (demand side) tourists. Due to slow rate of change in the demand for tourism products, which create the image in the first place, the change in the image of the destination is also slow. However such changes in the product portfolio of a destination have the potential to bring about a change in the image of the destination to various segments of tourists. This article tried to look at the conceptual aspect of Brand Personality, Destination Product Portfolio and impact of specific products (Conference and Business Tourism) on Brand Personality. LITERATURE REVIEW. Keller (1993) identifies brand image as the perceptions about a brand reflected as associations existing in the memory of the consumer. These associations are formed either through direct experience or through information sources or through the inferences from already existing associations (Martinez and Pina, 2003). Destination product portfolio generates these associations in terms of giving a direct experience to the visitors to form brand related associations and it is then used in the information sources to create strong associations of the brand to create a brand image. The usage of Taj Mahal, the historic monument, as a symbol of Regency in India is to create the image of the Exquisite nature of India and this is done not only in the tourism information sources but is used by many products and services in India symbolically.(Taj Mahal Tea, Taj Group of Hotels, etc.,) Destination image which is the perception about a brand is impacted by the destination brand identity as sought to be created by the supply side players at the destination. Keller (2008) identifies brand image as consisting of (1) user profiles, (2) purchase and usage situations, (3) personality and values, and (4) history, heritage and experiences. In a destination image situation all the four aspects given above fit into the creation of a destination image even as the same aspects are available with the supply side players to create a brand identity. The conceptual aspect here to be studied is the role that image perceivers have in the creation of a brand identity. This essentially means that the brand identity sought to be created by the firm/supply side player is actually a perception which the visitor has about the product she envisages to experience. This is more so in business and conference tourism because the product i.e. convention, conference, workshops etc. are co-created as in a service situation. Most conventions and other business get-togethers are created by the firm and the d estination product manager to create an experience for the visitors. Due to the strong economic situation in India and due to the emerging economy that India has been in the last decade, there has been a greater emphasis on the firms to offer to its associates situations and experiences which are rewarding and educative in the form of business conventions at exotic locales in the country. Goa which is an internationally acclaimed tourist destination is one of such locales where there is a good amount of business conference/convention activities which are organized by various firms as a means to appreciate the efforts of its associates and employees. These conventions are of a Leisure-Business orientation. The study is a conceptual one to identify the impact that these conventions have on the brand personality and brand identity/image of Goa. METHODOLOGY The study being conceptual it was thought prudent to use a qualitative approach to the study and hence a case study approach is being taken up. Goa as a destination is chosen to understand the flow of business and convention tourism and the shape it is taking as there has been an influx of business tourism products into Goa in the last few years. Though there has been no statistical history or statistical study done to identify the type and number of business tourism visitors, expert opinion of the players in the market, both, stake holders as well as destination marketers, has been taken to identify the creation of the destination image for the business and conference tourists. Experts from the hotel industry, event management industry and the Department of Tourism which is the nodal agency to monitor and supplement tourism from the Governments side has been targeted for opinions and views which would be the basis for exploring the role of destination image creation and its impact o n the destination image of Goa. GOA: CASE FOR BUSINESS TOURISM Tourism in Goa. Politically, Goa became a part of India in 1961. It was under the Portuguese rule for more than four centuries before that. It is the smallest state of India. It was given Statehood in the year 1987 and prior to this it was considered as a Union Territory along with Daman and Diu which were also ruled by the Portuguese till 1961. Goa has area of 3702 square kilometers and has a lovely pristine beach length of 105 kilometers. Goa as a state is surrounded by the Sea to the west, by the state of Maharashtra to the north and by the state of Karnataka to the south and east. Geographically Goa can be categorized under three distinct areas v.i.z., the Western Ghats (An ecological and biodiversity region of the mountains) towards the east and south, the midlands and the coastal region. Goa has a population of about 1.45 million according to the quick estimates of the 2011 Census.Politically Goa is divided into two districts, North Goa and South Goa. The state comprises of 11 Talukas (Smaller political/administrative divisions of the state) and 189 Village Panchayats (Local Self Governments). This is the geo-political structure of Goa. In terms of economics, Goa, which is the smallest state of India in area and fourth smallest in population, has the highest per-capita income in the country. (http://unidow.com/india%20home%20eng/statewise_gdp.html). The major economic sectors are the Primary sector (Agriculture, Mining, Fisheries and Dairy farming) which contributes 11.39% of the states GDP (2009-2010 at Constant Prices), the Secondary sector (Industries, SMEs, etc.) contributing 37.73% (2009-2010 at Constant Prices) and the Tertiary sector (Services inclusive of Tourism) contributing a total of 50.88% (2009-2010 at Constant Prices).2 (http://www.goa.gov.in/pdf/goa-esurvey-2010-2011.pdf ). In terms of growth of the sectors the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors grew by 2.38%, 5.05% and 20.63% respectively in 2009-10. Tourism Growth Over the years the domestic tourism and foreign tourism increased and by the year 1985 organised tourism in terms of foreign Charter Flights started. 24 Chartered flights operated in the year 1985-86 bringing in 3568 foreign tourists with them. Though this was a minute part of the total foreign tourists in the state (3.85%) it was a beginning which would lead to the Charter Foreign Tourists forming 45.3% of the total foreign tourists in 2007. Though the ratio of Domestic Tourists to Foreign Tourists is 4:1 the average stay of the foreign tourists is generally higher. The domestic tourists stay for an average of 5 days while the average stay for the foreign tourists is 9 days. This also increases the visibility of the foreign tourists which creates an impression that there are more foreign tourists visiting the state of Goa. The chart given at the end of the paper gives the growth of tourism in Goa from 1985 to 2010. Business and Conference tourism was not a part of the tourism scenario in a significant way till the CHOGM meet (Commonwealth Heads of Governments) in 1983. This was one of the major events to happen though not connected with Business Tourism. Since then there has been an increase in the Business and Conference tourism in Goa though there has been no attempt to identify the growth in statistical terms. The tourism industry has on its own given a boost to the business and conference tourism by enhancing the capabilities of the private infrastructure such as Hotel Conference halls, Event management etc., and tried to encourage a larger business visitor profile for Goa. The industry experts view Business Tourism as a nascent offspring in tourism in Goa. There have been a number of conferences and meets in Goa that are targeted at the Business Tourist. The experts identify that at least 700-800 such small and medium Conferences/Meets/ Dealer workshops are conducted all over Goa in a Calender year. Most of these are conducted from June to October as this is the lean season for tourism and as such the facilities associated with the hotel (rooms and other infrastructure) are available. The target market for these conferences to a large extent has been the Pharma companies and also Dealers of different business organizations who converge on Goa to conduct their Sales meets or Year End meets. Most of the target market is in Delhi and Mumbai, the two most important cities as far as Business is concerned. The entire product (Conference or Dealer meet) is co-created by the Customer (business organization), the service provider (Hotel) and the Event Management organization. Most of the entertainment and other services are provided by the Event Management organization which is a part of the product creation process. Fire Dancers, Belly Dancers etc., are organized by the Event Management companies as part of the Conference. The product so created has the potential to define value to its customers and as such has the potential to impact the kind of image that customers seek in such situations. Most of the customers, according to industry experts, are from the socio-economic class B1 and B2 (SEC B1 B2) as per MRSI (2011) http://mrsi.in/sec.html. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION The difference between a brand and a commodity is the idea of added values (Meldrum and McDonald, 1995). These added values are associated with consumer demands in various ways. The added values are those that create the intrinsic brand personality that seeks to distinguish different brands though they could be functionally the same. In tourism, the destination personality is used to leverage the perceived image of the place and in helping tourists choose the destination in the first place (Crockett and Wood, 2002). Brand image and brand personality have been used interchangeably (Hendon and Williams, 1985) and brand image is generally synonymous with either the brands strategic personality or its reputation as a whole (Upshaw, 1995, p. 14). Keller (2008) has identified brand image as consisting of (1) user profiles, (2) purchase and usage situations, (3) personality and values, and (4) history, heritage and experiences. Goa and its history of tourism can be analyzed through this qua rtet of dimensions. Business tourists coming to Goa according to the industry experts are mostly from the SEC B1 and B2 categories. The customers are Graduates/Post-graduates, Skilled, Executives or people in Sales / Supervisory or Junior/senior executives. Entrepreneurs in terms of those who employ less than 10 people are also considered under this classification. Since there are a large number of small business meets and conferences happening in Goa the creation of a product (Business conference) in this case is entirely a co-creation between the organization and the service provider. Usually the Hotel has a Sales in-charge associated with Business and Conference tourism and he/she initiates the process of identifying such potential in the market. The Sales-in-charge would then proceed to interact with the consumer (organization) and find out the requirements. These would include the venue requirements in terms of type of food, place, facilities etc. It also includes the entertainment which is then ou tsourced to an event management organization with which the hotel has an association. Given this process the customers say in the creation of the business conference tourism experience is intrinsic. The consumer (Organization) desires to have an experience that caters or satisfies the participants based on its understanding of the people whom it is organizing the conference for, e.g., Trade meet (for its distributors), Dealers meet (for its Dealers), Annual meet (for its Sales people), Quarterly meet (for various departments of the organization) etc. Goas business tourism segment comprises of the above mentioned types of meets and conferences and has resulted in the user profile designing the conference experience for itself. This will go a long way in creating a competence for the hotel/event management organization which is co-creating the experience thereby trying to ensure future conference and meets having similar themes. Its a known fact that once the learning curve is peaked then it is easy to perform with lower costs thereby increasing the profitability to create the experience across different situations and across different customer segments. Goa has long been known as a leisure and fun tourist destination among the foreign and domestic tourists. The Tourism Master Plan (2001) had identified attraction preferences of tourists visiting Goa. 66% domestic tourists preferred the sea side while 48% preferred heritage sites. 60% foreign tourists preferred sea side. Having a leisure focus and getting business tourists to the destination requires a mix of leisure-cum-business. It is precisely this aspect that has appealed to the consumers (organizations) to help them co-create the Business Conference experience. This experience created across the 700-800 small business conferences across the state of Goa has the potential to create an image for itself as far as business-cum-leisure tourism is concerned. In almost all the business meets and conferences the fire dancers and belly dancers that are brought in from outside of Goa perform to entertain the conference/business meet participants. This has initiated a strong preference fro m the customers (organization) side to have such performances as part of the business meet/ conference experience. This has the potential to spiral into a destination image through word of mouth publicity on the type and content of business tourism experience at destination Goa. One can see the subtle change in touristic behavior that impacts some stakeholders in so far as the Casino Tourism is seen. The offshore Casions that started in Goa a few years ago are slowly impacting the image of Goa in certain segments of tourists. Though nascent there is scope for the destination to identify the major impacting elements that lead to the co-creation of the image with respect to Business Conference tourism. The process of image creation or rather experience creation and its impact on the image of the destination is an area for further research. Though this article is more conceptual there is a good potential to undertake research from a service marketing point of view, an economic point of view (Resource utilization) and also from a social point of view. Conclusions. Though Goa is not considered as a Business and Convention Tourism Destination there are small efforts being undertaken by the stakeholders in Tourism at Goa to ensure that there is a combination of Business and Pleasure for the business tourists at Goa. In pursuit of that, there is a strong experience co-creation by the stakeholders and the consumers, which is leading to a subtle image formation and destination brand personality of Goa. The subtlety is of prime importance as it does not lend itself to defined intervention to create a specific image as is done with brands in the marketing parlance. This in turn has the potential to create a brand image / brand personality for Goa which cannot be controlled to deliver a strong competitive advantage vis-à  -vis other business destinations. Industry experts point out that in order to change the image to have specific aspects of Business tourism highlighted there is a strong need to create quality infrastructure in Goa. Industry experts also point out that at best each of the 5 star category hotels has a Convention hall with a seating capacity of about 1000. In order to create a strong brand image of a Business Tourism destination it is pointed out that such halls need to be of at least 20,000- 30,000 seating capacity. That is the kind of direction which needs to be undertaken if one has to have a strong impact on the destination image. However the subtle impacts that are seen due to the co-creation of the business tourism experience also have to be borne in mind since their impact has an emerging trend rather than a planned one. Bibiliography Keller, K. (2008). Strategic  brand  management. Building, measuring, and  managing   brand  equity (3rd  edition ed.). Upper Saddle  River:  NJ:  Prentice Hall

review potter3 chapter 1 :: essays research papers

The Characters in Chapter One â€Å"Owl Post† of â€Å"Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban† by J.K.Rowling In class, we listened to the first chapter of â€Å"Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban†. This is indeed an extremely interesting chapter since it contains all the basic information you have to get to understand the â€Å"Potter Universe†. It gives quite detailed information about most of the important characters. The chapter starts with very important information about Harry. It says:† Harry Potter was a highly unusual boy in many ways. [†¦] And he also happened to be a wizard.† As the story unfolds, you get to know Harry as a boy of thirteen years with untidy jet black hair who is quite small and skinny for his age. His eyes are bright green and he wears round glasses. The most important feature, though, in the description of his appearance is the scar on his forehead, shaped like a bolt of lightning. The book explains that Harry got the scar when his parents, James and Lily Potter, wizard and witch themselves, were murdered by the dark wizard Voldemort, the most vicious of his kind for a hundred years. This explains why Harry has to live with his only living relatives, whom he obviously dislikes. It is also made clear that Harry only spends the summer with his relatives to go back to Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry for the rest of the year, which he has attended for the last two years. His relatives are his uncle Vernon Dursley, aunt Petunia Dursley and his cousin Dudley Dursley. They are non-magic folk, so-called Muggles, and they are extremely scared of anything that has to do with magic. This shows when Harry’s uncle roars at one of his wizard friends on the phone:† DON’T YOU COME NEAR MY FAMILY!†. To the Dursleys it is very important to make a good impression on their neighbours and so they are terrified of anyone finding out that Harry is a wizard and goes to Hogwarts. They think that magic people belong to some kind of a lower class, which shows clearly when Uncle Vernon screams at Harry:† HOW DARE YOU GIVE THIS NUMBER TO PEOPLE LIKE- PEOPLE LIKE YOU!† Magic people seem to be dirty and worthless and even dangerous in his eyes. Three of the magicians closest to Harry are characterized in chapter one in detail. First, there is Ron Weasley, one of Harry’s best friends at Hogwarts.

Revolutionary War Heroes :: essays papers

Revolutionary War Heroes There were many great men in the past who have contributed greatly to the growth prosperity and independence to this country. These historical figures include such men as Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson. These men served their country as revolutionary war leaders and helped American to become the free and just country it is today. Benjamin Franklin, born January 17, 1706, was the 10th son, and 15th child, of 17 children in the Josiah Franklin family. Josiah was a soap and candlemaker, who lived in Boston, Massachusetts with his second wife, Abiah Folger. Although Franklin learned to read at an early age, he only attended grammar school for two years. By the time he was 10 years old, Franklin was working for his father. However, he didn’t enjoy the candlemaking profession, and two years later, Franklin was apprenticed to his brother James, a printer. For five years, Franklin sought to master the printers' trade. During this time, he also strove to improve his education. Franklin read numerous classic novels and perfected his writing style. One night, Franklin slipped a letter, signed "Silence Dogood," under the door of his brother's newspaper, the New England Courant. That letter and the next 13 written by Franklin were published anonymously. The essays were widely read and acclaimed for their satire. In 1723, at age 17, Franklin left for Philadelphia. He got employed at a printing job in London, learning many important skills. He came back to Pennsylvania and had by 1730 become owner of a printing business. This is where Franklin published his first official literary work, The Pennsylvania Gazette. In 1731, Franklin founded what is considered the first public library. During the next several years, Franklin was responsible for establishing the first fire department, a police force, and the Academy of Philadelphia, which became the University of Pennsylvania. In 1732, Franklin began compiling and publishing the annual Poor Richard's Almanac. With its homely virtues, it attracted a large amount of people interested in his work and made Franklin's name a household word. Franklin had gotten involved in politics and represented Pennsylvania at the Albany Congress in 1754, called in response to the French and Indian Wars. In 1757, Franklin was sent to England to petition the king for the right to levy taxes. He remained in England for the next five years, and in that time he obtained permission for Pennsylvania to tax the estates of its proprietors, successfully repealed the Stamp Act, and represented the voice of several colonies. He befriended powerful British political leaders and wrote political satires and pamphlets on public affairs, helping keep the colonies informed on foreign affairs.

Fear and paranoia created in the crucible Essay

The Crucible is full of heat, suspense, extramarital sex, public lies and ruthless prosecution, All of which add up to produce a book in which the theme of fear and paranoia is unquestionably a part in these small-town people’s lives. During the crucible, Miller tries to project a lot of fear and paranoia into his work, enabling the reader to physically and emotionally feel their part in Salem’s history. Salem is taken from the Hebrew Shalom meaning peace however from Millers part in the crucible; a darker, chaotic view is created for the readers, and the reality of peace is more shadowed by Salem and its characters dark paranoia. The overall effect that paranoia can set on a town is extraordinary, from being a small, well-known, blissful town; one mistake from a paranoid person can set off the whole town and can therefore disrupt and disturb it. Take Salem for example, a bunch of girls found dancing in the wood are immediately accused of doing witchcraft and trafficking with the devil, the paranoia of this town is really expressed by the fact that within the next day everybody knew about the â€Å"incident† and everybody except relatives had been quick to judge and had labelled them all witches, expressing the paranoia and fear among this small town. Miller’s attempts to create fear and paranoia are demonstrated in the way that he gives the readers and the characters something to be afraid of, fear must have a cause. Miller’s attempts at this are shown in the first scene as Parris questions and harasses Abigail because of his own paranoid ways that they were trafficking with the devil or even conjuring witchcraft in the woods, and the fear of his position and authority as reverend being taken from him and being thrown out of Salem. This fear is revealed as Parris says, â€Å"Now then, in the midst of such disruption, my own household is discovered to be the very centre of some obscene practice. † The life of many in Salem is orderly and controlled through religion fear of Gods might, not going to church could result in being sent into hell or purgatory after death. For example on page seventy three, as john proctor is quickly judged and damned and also accused by Cheever by saying â€Å"He plough on Sunday, sir†, thereby condemning proctor and heavily persuading Danforth to jail John Proctor. Fear for many of the characters is set by Miller on several different levels and so for a great number of people in the village, the churches power causes fear to do with the churches authority on how they have the power along with the law over witches, in the means of hangings, burnings and executions etc. The ordinary of the folk in the town have simple minds and can easily be manipulated or taken advantage over by the more superior of the town members, they can therefore easily be afraid of witches and their powers. These people also believed that their religion, Christianity was the only religion for the people, and straying from this religion was heresy. If a person tried to be an individual or â€Å"loner†, they were looked down upon, for that would mean they were leaving the community of belief that was supposed to be held by all members of the society. Salem was a theocracy, a type of government formed by combining the institutions of both state and church. When certain people began to be individualists, fear set into the community. It was this fear that prompted the Salem witch trials, the story that the play begins to tell. Because Salem’s inhabitants lived such ordinary lives, most of which were ruled or pressured intently by God, their lives became disorderly and the highers lose control, causing unrest among people’s lives for the reason that people need routine. However, once the highers lose control they therefore become afraid of losing their power and open to people becoming individuals and not being afraid to speak out or even proceed in the manner of life that they choose. As the play progresses, the church begins to lose power over individualists and rebels and consequently see people changing their ways of life because of the more recent happenings. This is shown in the way of the girls dancing in the woods. This act could possibly be taken as an act of witchcraft or possibly individualism; the girls (Betty, Mercy, Ruth, Mary, Abigail and Tituba) could have possibly been expressing their newfound uniqueness by dancing in the woods. In contrast to this lack of fear, the girls found dancing in the woods could possibly be taken as a taken as a very bold and daring act and an indication towards a desire for freedom or change and a desire to break control. This is indignation towards the church and their lives and is shown on page seven as she says, â€Å"Uncle, we did dance; let you tell them I confessed it – and I’ll be whipped if I must be. But they’re speakin’ of witchcraft. Betty’s not witched. † This quotation from Abigail is a suggestion to the rest of the town by expressing her point of not being witch, yet just dancing and symbolising their rebellious nature and newly found individualism. The townsfolk become confused with an alteration in the Status quo and are afraid of the unknown, so finally fear and paranoia sets in. Miller wrote the play from the stand point that people must not only be careful about how they react to certain situations, but that they also cannot avoid involvement in other issues, for that would mean to deny one’s own personal responsibility in the human race. Why are themes important to Miller? Themes are extremely and increasingly important to Miller as without these, plays or books are simply pieces of writing with no morale, theme or even point, and therefore the reader gains nothing from these books and feels no great need to read them, making them unsellable and pointless. Even the title plays a big part in the understanding of the book, for example in the crucible, this meaning a container which metals are heated to extract the poor element from dross or impurities, shows that this stands for the morale or point of the book that John Proctor is tested in a life-threatening ordeal and his death at the end rather than the betrayal of his confidence shows us that he too has come through the fire to be purified. Themes are important to Miller, the reader and the characters and this is shown in each of Millers books produced before he wrote and directed the crucible. In 1950, he wrote an adaptation of an enemy of the people, and the theme being the individual who insists he is right while the vast majority is absolutely wrong, this book even tying in with the crucible slightly. As well as all the other plays and books by Arthur Miller, like St. joan and the crucible and a man for all seasons, all his books are based on one similar thing and this is the overall main theme – a real historical happening, and this is the same case for the majority of his plays, all having a similar theme. In all three books in this case, the audience comes to value and applaud the stand made by the individual against the apparent vindictiveness of the law. From all of Millers books and plays, the crucible is renound for being the best and is shown and read all over the world, because of its meaning and theme of being somewhat different in different places and moments, giving information about the country it is being acted in, and so not only gives something extra to the reader but gives something back to the author each time it is acted out. The crucible is forever distinct of its time and maintains relevance because of its theme. The theme of the crucible however being of course, the conflict between a mans raw deeds and his conception of himself; the question of whether conscience is in fact an organic part of the human being, and what happens when it is handed over not merely to the state or the mores of the time but o one’s friend or wife. Overall, themes are important to Arthur Miller as it is shown in all of his other plays and that without one, a play is pointless and has no morale and is therefore not necessary to be produced as it is giving nothing to the human life, and is therefore extremely important to not only Arthur Millers plays but to every other playwrights plays throughout the world.